The 5 Big Ideas
in Beginning Reading

five_big_ideas

StepsWeb is a research-based online literacy program for learners of all ages from 5 years of age to adult. It covers key aspects of literacy and language development and covers the processing skills involved in literacy as well as the ‘knowledge’ aspects.

StepsWeb provides a structured, cumulative approach to literacy, which encompasses and develops the five key elements often referred to as the Five Big Ideas in Beginning Reading (USA National Reading Panel, 2000).

Click on each heading below to see more detail and find out how StepsWeb addresses each aspect.

1. Phonological Awareness

There is considerable research from all over the world into the importance of different aspects of phonological awareness. Phonological awareness is often a major weakness in learners with dyslexia or similar processing difficulties.

Background information

Phonological awareness is often referred to as phonemic awareness, but there is a crucial difference between these terms.

The term ‘phonemic awareness’ comes from the word ‘phoneme’, which is a single sound in language. This includes the following individual skills:

  • Identification of initial, final and medial sounds in words
  • Segmentation (breaking words into individual sounds)
  • Blending (blending individual sounds to make words)
  • Phoneme transposition (ability to ‘swap’ sounds)

The term ‘phonological awareness’ comes from the word ‘phonology’, which is the sounds and sound patterns of language. Phonological awareness is therefore a broader term than phonemic awareness and encompasses the following:

  • All of the above aspects of phonemic awareness PLUS
  • Onset + rime
  • Rhyme
  • Syllabification
  • Word Retrieval

Phonological awareness is purely processing the sounds and sound patterns in language, not understanding how those sounds map onto text, which is referred to as phonic or orthographic knowledge.

However, it is an essential precursor to phonic knowledge. There is no point trying to learn what letters represent what sounds if you are unable to process those sounds in language in the first place.

Initial Sounds

How does StepsWeb develop Phonological Awareness?

The following activities are specifically designed to develop phonological awareness. Some of these activities only involve processing the sounds or sound patterns themselves (phonological awareness) and some make the link with the written word (phonological awareness + phonic knowledge).

Jigsaw rhyming-1
Auditory discrimination 3a

Chunks – onset + rime awareness

Initial Sounds – onset + rime awareness, phoneme transposition

Sound Boxes – phonemic awareness + phonic knowledge (Steps Network)

Vowel Sounds (game) – phonemic awareness, auditory discrimination and phonic knowledge

Vowel Ladder (game) – phonemic awareness, auditory discrimination, phonic knowledge, blending, decoding/encoding skills

Jigsaw (games) – phonological awareness, phonic knowledge, categorization

Alphabet (Supplementary Activities) – phonic knowledge, phonemic awareness

Spelling – auditory discrimination, phonemic awareness, decoding/encoding skills

Syllables – auditory syllabification

Short Vowels (Supplementary Activities/Phonological) – auditory discrimination and decoding/encoding

Initial Sounds (Supplementary Activities/Phonological) – Phonemic awareness, auditory discrimination, phonic knowledge

Sound Splits - using phoneme-grapheme skills to split words into individual phonemes

The 5 Big Ideas in Beginning Reading

5BigIdeas_5_fade
5BigIdeas_5
5BigIdeas_4_fade
5BigIdeas_4
5BigIdeas_3_fade
5BigIdeas_3
5BigIdeas_2_fade
5BigIdeas_2
5BigIdeas_1
5BigIdeas_1

2. Phonic Knowledge

Phonic knowledge is the understanding of letter/sound correspondence. In other words, it refers to the learner understanding how sounds are represented with letters or letter patterns. The learner can then use that knowledge and phonological awareness to encode (spell) and decode (read) regular words.

The ability to acquire and apply phonic knowledge depends on satisfactory phonological awareness. It is important to incorporate activities which only process sounds or sound patterns, but also activities which then teach the learner to ‘map’ those sounds onto letters or letter patterns.
StepsWeb - Vowel Ladder
Chunks

How does StepsWeb develop Phonic Knowledge?

Chunks – onset + rime awareness

Word Building – onset + rime awareness

Initial Sounds – onset + rime awareness, phoneme transposition

Spelling – phonemic awareness, phonic knowledge, visual memory, sequencing

Spelling Quiz - phonemic awareness, phonic knowledge, visual memory, sequencing

Jigsaw (game) – phonemic awareness, auditory discrimination and phonic knowledge

Vowel Ladder (game) – phonemic awareness, auditory discrimination, phonic knowledge, blending, decoding/encoding skills

Alphabet (Supplementary Activities) – phonic knowledge, phonemic awareness

Spelling – auditory discrimination, phonemic awareness, decoding/encoding skills

Syllables – auditory syllabification

Short Vowels (Supplementary Activities/Phonological) – auditory discrimination and decoding/encoding

Initial Sounds (Supplementary Activities/Phonological) – Phonemic awareness, auditory discrimination, phonic knowledge

Sound Splits - understanding phoneme-grapheme correspondence

The 5 Big Ideas in Beginning Reading

5BigIdeas_5_fade
5BigIdeas_5
5BigIdeas_4_fade
5BigIdeas_4
5BigIdeas_3_fade
5BigIdeas_3
5BigIdeas_2
5BigIdeas_2
5BigIdeas_1_fade
5BigIdeas_1

3. Reading Fluency

Reading fluency is the ability to read connected text rapidly, effortlessly and automatically (Hook & Jones, 2004; Meyer, 2002; National Reading Panel, 2000). Readers must develop fluency to make the bridge from word recognition to reading comprehension (Jenkins, Fuchs, Vandern Broek, Espin & Deno, 2003).

“Many poor readers have difficulty reading fluently because they do not possess an adequate sight vocabulary and must labour to decode many of the words in the reading passages.  [...]  Fluent reading requires that most of the words in a selection be sight words. When a selection contains too many difficult (nonsight) words, the reading material will be too arduous and frustrating for the reader" (Burns, Roe & Smith, 2002; Jenkins et al., 2003).

Brain processes in Reading

Research by Sally Shaywitz using fMRI scanning has identified that there are three key areas of the brain for reading. These are all in the left hemisphere. Broca’s area and the parietal-temporal area are involved in decoding (word analysis) and the Visual Word Form Area (occipito-temporal area) is involved in recognising the word holistically from its visual and orthographic pattern.

This process is known as orthographic mapping.  To utilise orthographic mapping and therefore read fluently, the occipito-temporal area must be functional.image2Illustrations from Overcoming Dyslexia, Sally Shaywitz, 2003


When a word is first met, Broca’s area and the parieto-temporal area are employed to decode it. This may happen several times. However, after several repetitions, a neural model of that word is created, which is then stored in the occipito-temporal area. Once this has happened, the word can now be accessed automatically using orthographic mapping and reading fluency has been achieved.

image3

Sally Shaywitz’s research has also identified that dyslexic learners have an impaired occipito-temporal and are unable to develop the same fluency and automaticity. As a compensatory measure, Broca’s area overdevelops – in other words, the wrong strategies are being employed.

From the very beginnings of literacy, teachers need to incorporate enough activities to activate the occipito-temporal area. They also need to ensure that each learner has enough repetitions of each word to create and automatically retrieve the neural model of that word using orthographic mapping.

It is important to be aware that, although the Visual Word Form Area is a visual recognition area of the brain, instant visual recognition also depends on an understanding of the phonological and orthographic structures of the word. Phonic knowledge and phonological awareness are therefore also important factors in this process.

How does StepsWeb develop Fluency?

All the word activities in StepsWeb develop fluency, since it is through repetition of words that automaticity develops. However, there are a number of activities which specifically target this aspect.

Find the Word – sight vocabulary, visual recognition

Choose the Word – sight vocabulary, using/choosing words in context

Word Flash – instant word recognition. Note: This activity (together with the speed reading activities in the workbook courses) is specifically designed to activate the occipito-temporal area and promote effective orthographic mapping strategies.

Visual Memory – word recognition, visual and spatial memory

Visual Recognition Speed Test

StepsWeb now includes a test which measures how many milliseconds it takes a user to visually recognise a known word. Supporting research in this field indicates that, if a person can visually recognise a word in 150 ms or faster, they are utilising the Visual Word Form Area (occipito-temporal) of the brain.  In other words, they are using orthographic mapping, rather than consciously decoding the word.

This test and the ongoing measurement of visual recognition speed are therefore an indicator of whether a learner is utilising the Visual Word Form Area, or is over-dependent on the decoding areas of the brain.  The test enables a teacher or parent to see whether a learner is at or below the expected speed for their age and track progress as the learner develops orthographic mapping.

Visual Recognition Speed Results

 

The 5 Big Ideas in Beginning Reading

5BigIdeas_5_fade
5BigIdeas_5
5BigIdeas_4_fade
5BigIdeas_4
5BigIdeas_3
5BigIdeas_3
5BigIdeas_2_fade
5BigIdeas_2
5BigIdeas_1_fade
5BigIdeas_1

4. Vocabulary

An understanding of vocabulary is crucial if the learner is to gain meaning from text. There is a difference between oral vocabulary and reading vocabulary. Oral vocabulary refers to the words which the child uses in speaking and listening. Reading vocabulary refers to the words the learner recognises in print. Children enter school with a large oral vocabulary, estimated to be about 6,000 words. The average high school pupil knows about 45,000 words by Years 11 (Stahl, 2004).


Vocabulary can be developed through both direct and indirect instruction. Indirect instruction includes the student’s own reading and oral language practice/interaction. Direct instruction involves teaching words using a range of word-learning strategies.

“Most words require 20 exposures in context before an adequate grasp of their meanings is acquired.” (McKenna, 2004)

personal-list
Jigsaw - associations


The National Reading Panel (2000) concluded that computer programs are helpful in teaching vocabulary. It also noted that the process of teaching vocabulary before reading the text is helpful.

Note: this can be achieved by creating pre-reading, customized vocabulary lists in StepsWeb before tackling the printed passage.

The range of activities in StepsWeb ensures that every word which is taught as a reading/spelling word is also seen and used in context, often in a variety of ways. The following activities specifically develop vocabulary:

Choose the Word – sight vocabulary, using/choosing words in context

Sentence Builder – sight vocabulary, sequencing, using words in context, syntactic awareness

Word Search – sight vocabulary, visual recognition, visual discrimination, visual sequencing, using words in context (when doing printed cloze activity)

Homophones (Wordlists) – 40 lists of homophones

Everyday Topics (Wordlists) – 1,000+ words divided into topic lists (all activities provided for every list)

Personal/Custom Lists – ability to enter lists of words relevant to individual learners or classes, enabling teachers/parents to pre-teach vocabulary and reading words. Learners can see and use the words in a variety of contexts, utilising all the above activities.

Stargame – printable set of materials which can be used for games requiring the learner to generate their own sentence for each word.

Four in a Row (game) – homophones option

Word study lists (Wordlists) - including prefixes, suffixes and word roots

Jigsaw (game) – verbal reasoning activities involving processing meaning and seeing links.

Advanced vocabulary is introduced from Level 5 of the Course, with words being continually revised until completely mastered. These lists are also available through the Wordlists section.

The 5 Big Ideas in Beginning Reading

5BigIdeas_5_fade
5BigIdeas_5
5BigIdeas_4
5BigIdeas_4
5BigIdeas_3_fade
5BigIdeas_3
5BigIdeas_2_fade
5BigIdeas_2
5BigIdeas_1_fade
5BigIdeas_1

5. Comprehension

One core principle of StepsWeb is that all words are seen and used in context. A word may be initially introduced in a word family, or example of a phonic pattern. It will then be used and seen in a variety of different contexts.


This not only develops a full understanding of its meaning and usage; it also provides the extensive reinforcement needed by some learners to develop true automaticity.

Definitions - Form filling vocab
Choose the word advanced

How does StepsWeb develop Comprehension?

Choose the Word – sight vocabulary, using/choosing words in context

Sentence Builder – sight vocabulary, sequencing, using words in context, syntactic awareness

Word Search – sight vocabulary, visual recognition, visual discrimination, visual sequencing, using words in context (when doing printed cloze activity)

Definitions – matching a word with its more formal, dictionary-style definition.

Clues – reading and understanding less formal language to solve a clue.

Homophones (Wordlists) – Word usage, comprehension

Everyday Topics (Wordlists) – Thousands of words divided into topic lists

Personal/Custom Lists – ability to enter lists of words relevant to individual learners or classes, enabling teachers/parents to pre-teach vocabulary and reading words. Learners can see and use the words in a variety of contexts, utilising all of the above activities.

Stargame – printable set of materials which can be used for games requiring the learner to generate their own sentence for each word.

Four in a Row (Game) – homophones/word study options

Grammar activities – building awareness of word forms (verb, adjective, noun) and verb forms and tenses

Word study (Wordlists) - including prefixes, suffixes, phonic and orthographic patterns and word roots.

The 5 Big Ideas in Beginning Reading

5BigIdeas_5
5BigIdeas_5
5BigIdeas_4_fade
5BigIdeas_4
5BigIdeas_3_fade
5BigIdeas_3
5BigIdeas_2_fade
5BigIdeas_2
5BigIdeas_1_fade
5BigIdeas_1